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Explaining Humans: Winner of the Royal Society Science Book Prize 2020

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Also, studies comparing the behavior of twins raised apart have been criticized as the twins often share similar environments and are sometimes raised by a non-parental family member. Methods of Studying the Brain The underlying assumption is that to some degree the laws of behavior are the same for all species and that therefore knowledge gained by studying rats, dogs, cats and other animals can be generalized to humans. More recently, methods of studying the brain have been developed using various types of scanning equipment hooked up to powerful computers.

Therefore, all that is psychological is first physiological. All thoughts, feelings & behavior ultimately have a biological cause. A biological perspective is relevant to the study of psychology in three ways: Qualitative research is useful for studies at the individual level, and to find out, in-depth, the ways in which people think or feel (e.g. case studies). It offered a new set of values for approaching an understanding of human nature and the human condition. Schemas can help us understand, for example, how eyewitness memories can be distorted and become invalid. Dr Pang becomes the youngest author to win the Prize. She is also sixth woman to scoop the Prize in as many years, following last year’s winner Caroline Criado Perez ( Invisible Women, 2019), Sarah-Jayne Blakemore ( Inventing Ourselves, 2018), Cordelia Fine ( Testosterone Rex, 2017), Andrea Wulf ( The Invention of Nature, 2016) and Gaia Vince ( Adventures in the Anthropocene, 2015). The panel of five judges praised the scientist and writer for her original and unique perspective on our experience as humans through the prism of scientific understanding.Each of the 11 chapters covers a different area of science. Did you ever worry about spreading yourself too thinly? We know so little about the brain and its functions are so closely integrated that brain surgery is usually only attempted as a last resort. It is a non-directive therapy in which the client is encouraged to discover their own solutions to their difficulties in an atmosphere that is supportive and non-judgemental and that provides unconditional positive regard. Investigation of inheritance: what an animal inherits from its parents, mechanisms of inheritance (genetics). For example, we might want to know whether high intelligence is inherited from one generation to the next.

According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974), the central executive component functions to control attention, but the exact nature of this component remains unclear. To better understand the capacity of the central executive, we can make predictions using the model's assumptions. One assumption is that the central executive has a small storage. In no decade did behaviorist authors belong to the most prominent citation clusters. Even a combined “behaviorist” cluster accounted for max. 28% of highly cited authors. Therefore people might behave differently from animals, so the laws and principles derived from these experiments, might apply more to animals than to humans. Humanistic theorists say these individual subjective realities must be looked at under three simultaneous conditions.

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As would be expected of an approach that is ‘anti-scientific’, humanistic psychology is short on empirical evidence. The approach includes untestable concepts, such as ‘self-actualization’ and ‘congruence’. The CAT scan (Computerised Axial Tomography) is a moving X-ray beam which takes “pictures” from different angles around the head and can be used to build up a 3-dimensional image of which areas of the brain are damaged. In 1962, with the sponsorship of Brandeis University, this movement was formally launched as the Association for Humanistic Psychology.

This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e., forever changing. According to Rogers (1959), we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. Self-actualization is only possible if there is congruence between the way an individual sees themselves and their ideal self (the way they want to be or think they should be). If there is a large gap between these two concepts, negative feelings of self-worth will arise that will make it impossible for self-actualization to take place.Psychoanalytic criticisms claim that individuals cannot explain their own behavior because the causes are largely unconscious. Consequently, conscious explanations will be distorted by rationalization or other defenses. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. He argued that genetically determined characteristics or behavior that enhance our chances of survival and reproduction would be passed on to the next generation and become more common in a population. For example, individuals may be predisposed to certain behaviors, but these behaviors may not be displayed unless they are triggered by factors in the environment. This is known as the diathesis-stress model of human behavior. Holland, J. G. (1978). BEHAVIORISM: PART OF THE PROBLEM OR PART OF THE SOLUTION? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(1), 163-174.

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